Optimization of band-selective homonuclear dipolar recoupling in solid-state NMR by a numerical phase search

Abstract

Spin polarization transfers among aliphatic 13 C nuclei, especially 13 Cα- 13 Cβ transfers, permit correlations of their nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) frequencies that are essential for signal assignments in multidimensional solid-state NMR of proteins. We derive and demonstrate a new radio-frequency (RF) excitation sequence for homonuclear dipolar recoupling that enhances spin polarization transfers among aliphatic 13 C nuclei at moderate magic-angle spinning (MAS) frequencies. The phase-optimized recoupling sequence with five π pulses per MAS rotation period (denoted as PR5) is derived initially from systematic numerical simulations in which only the RF phases are varied. Subsequent theoretical analysis by average Hamiltonian theory explains the favorable properties of numerically optimized phase schemes. The high efficiency of spin polarization transfers in simulations is preserved in experiments, in part because the RF field amplitude in PR5 is only 2.5 times the MAS frequency so that relatively low 1 H decoupling powers are required. Experiments on a microcrystalline sample of the β1 immunoglobulin binding domain of protein G demonstrate an average enhancement factor of 1.6 for 13 Cα → 13 Cβ polarization transfers, compared to the standard 13 C- 13 C spin-diffusion method, implying a two-fold time saving in relevant 2D and 3D experiments.