Are Macula or Optic Nerve Head Structures Better at Diagnosing Glaucoma? An Answer Using Artificial Intelligence and Wide-Field Optical Coherence Tomography

Abstract

Purpose: We wanted to develop a deep-learning algorithm to automatically segment optic nerve head (ONH) and macula structures in three-dimensional (3D) wide-field optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans and to assess whether 3D ONH or macula structures (or a combination of both) provide the best diagnostic power for glaucoma. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was performed using 319 OCT scans of glaucoma eyes and 298 scans of nonglaucoma eyes. Scans were compensated to improve deep-tissue visibility. We developed a deep-learning algorithm to automatically label major tissue structures, trained with 270 manually annotated B-scans. The performance was assessed using the Dice coefficient (DC). A glaucoma classification algorithm (3D-CNN) was then designed using 500 OCT volumes and correspond-ing automatically segmented labels. This algorithm was trained and tested on three datasets: cropped scans of macular tissues, those of ONH tissues, and wide-field scans. The classification performance for each dataset was reported using the area under the curve (AUC). Results: Our segmentation algorithm achieved a DC of 0.94 ± 0.003. The classification algorithm was best able to diagnose glaucoma using wide-field scans, followed by ONH scans, and finally macula scans, with AUCs of 0.99 ± 0.01, 0.93 ± 0.06 and 0.91 ± 0.11, respectively. Conclusions: This study showed that wide-field OCT may allow for significantly improved glaucoma diagnosis over typical OCTs of the ONH or macula. Translational Relevance: This could lead to mainstream clinical adoption of 3D wide-field OCT scan technology.