Efectos del sedentarismo en niños en edad escolar: revisión sistemática de estudios longitudinales (Effects of sedentary school-age children: a systematic review of longitudinal studies)

Abstract

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer qué investigaciones de carácter longitudinal se han llevado a cabo que hayan analizado variables relacionadas con el sobrepeso, la obesidad y el sedentarismo en edad escolar, y qué datos se pueden extraer de las mismas. Se revisaron las siguientes bases de datos: MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, SportDiscus y WOS (Web of Science). Dicha revisión fue realizada siguiendo el modelo PICOs, y a partir de él, se constituyó el protocolo de búsqueda utilizando términos que definan o representen a niños y jóvenes en edad escolar, que puedan presentar o no sobrepeso u obesidad y sedentarismo. Siguiendo el procedimiento Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), de los 2237 estudios encontrados tan solo 28 cumplieron todos los criterios, por lo que fueron analizados en su totalidad para poder ser incluidos en la revisión. La calidad metodológica de los estudios se evaluó mediante la escala Newcastle-Otawa. De los 28 estudios seleccionados finalmente, 13 tenían una calidad metodológica buena, mientras que los 15 restantes tenían una calidad aceptable. Tras realizar la revisión, se puede concluir que el sedentarismo se ve aumentado paulatinamente con la edad mientras que la actividad física decrece, y consecuentemente, esta situación hace que el sobrepeso y la obesidad se vean incrementadas.  Abstract: The objective of this study was to find out what longitudinal researches have been carried out that have analyzed variables related to overweight, obesity and sedentary lifestyle in school age, and what data can be extracted from them. A systematic review of the MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, SportDiscus and WOS (Web of Science) databases was carried out following the PICOs model, using terms that define or represent children and young people of school age, who may or may not be overweight or obese. Following the PRISMA procedure, of the 2237 studies found only 28 met all the criteria and were therefore analyzed in their entirety for inclusion in the review. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Otawa scale. Of the 28 studies finally selected, 13 were of good methodological quality, while the remaining 15 were of acceptable quality. After review was conducted, it can be concluded that sedentary lifestyle is gradually increased with age while physical activity decreases, and consequently, this situation causes overweight and obesity increase.The objective of this study was to find out what longitudinal researches have been carried out that have analyzed variables related to overweight, obesity and sedentary lifestyle in school age, and what data can be extracted from them. A systematic review of the MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, SportDiscus and WOS (Web of Science) databases was carried out following the PICOs model, using terms that define or represent children and young people of school age, who may or may not be overweight or obese. Following the PRISMA procedure, of the 2237 studies found only 28 met all the criteria and were therefore analyzed in their entirety for inclusion in the review. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Otawa scale. Of the 28 studies finally selected, 13 were of good methodological quality, while the remaining 15 were of acceptable quality. After review was conducted, it can be concluded that sedentary lifestyle is gradually increased with age while physical activity decreases, and consequently, this situation causes overweight and obesity increase.O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar quais investigações longitudinais foram realizadas que analisaram variáveis ​​relacionadas ao sobrepeso, obesidade e sedentarismo em idade escolar e quais dados podem ser extraídos delas. As seguintes bases de dados foram revisadas: MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, SportDiscus e WOS (Web of Science). Essa revisão foi realizada seguindo o modelo PICOs e, a partir dele, o protocolo de busca foi estabelecido por meio de termos que definem ou representam crianças e jovens em idade escolar, com ou sem sobrepeso ou obesidade, e sedentários. Seguindo o procedimento de itens de relatório preferidos para revisões sistemáticas e meta-análise (PRISMA), dos 2.237 estudos encontrados, apenas 28 atenderam a todos os critérios, portanto, foram analisados ​​em sua totalidade para serem incluídos na revisão. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada por meio da escala Newcastle-Otawa. Dos 28 estudos finalmente selecionados, 13 eram de boa qualidade metodológica, enquanto os 15 restantes eram de qualidade aceitável. Após a realização da revisão, pode-se concluir que o sedentarismo aumenta gradativamente com a idade, enquanto a atividade física diminui e, consequentemente, essa situação acarreta o aumento do sobrepeso e da obesidade.