Toward a Mass and Radius Determination of the Nearby Isolated Neutron Star RX J185635−3754

Abstract

We discuss efforts to determine the mass, radius, and surface composition of the nearby compact object RX J185635-3754 from its multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution. We compute non-magnetized model atmospheres and emergent spectra for selected compositions and gravities, and discuss efforts to fit existing and new observational data from ROSAT, EUVE and the HST. The spectral energy distribution matches that expected from a heavy-element dominated atmosphere, but not from a uniform temperature blackbody. Non-magnetic light element atmospheres cannot be simultaneously reconciled with the optical and X-ray data. We extend previous studies, which were limited to one fixed neutron star mass and radius. For uniform temperature models dominated by heavy elements, the redshift z is constrained to be 0.3 < z < 0.4 and the best-fit mass and radius are M approx 0.9 solar masses and R approx 6 km (for a 61 pc distance). These values for M and R together are not permitted for any plausible equation of state, including that of a self-bound strange quark star. A simplified two-temperature model allows masses and radii up to about 50% larger, or a factor of 2 in the case of a black body. The observed luminosity is consistent with the thermal emission of an isolated neutron star no older than about 1 million years, the age inferred from available proper motion and parallax information