Graphene-Based Materials for the Removal of Radon Progenies in Drinking Water: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Radon (^222Rn) and its progenies, lead-210 (^210Pb) and polonium-210 (^210Po), are naturally occurring radionuclides that pose serious public health risks when present in drinking water. Traditional treatment methods, including aeration, granular activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange, and coagulation, offer partial removal efficiency and face significant limitations, particularly in the selective elimination of radon progeny. Recent advances in nanotechnology have positioned graphene-based materials, including graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and their composites, as promising candidates for radionuclide remediation. These materials exhibit high surface area, tunable functional groups, and strong affinity for heavy metals and radioactive ions. This review critically examines the structure, properties, and adsorption mechanisms of graphene-based materials relevant to the removal of ^210Pb and ^210Po. We also analyze recent studies, performance-enhancing functionalization, and composite development with metal oxides, zeolites, and polymers. Although direct studies on radon progeny are limited, findings from chemically analogous systems provide strong evidence of efficacy. Future research should emphasize green synthesis, field-scale validation, and long-term performance in complex water matrices. Graphene-based adsorbents represent a scalable, sustainable, and highly adaptable solution for addressing the challenges of radionuclide contamination in drinking water.