Fit-For-Purpose Method Development to Determine Co-Occurring Multiclass Mycotoxins in Apple and Apple Puree Samples

Abstract

Due to the impact of the climate change on mycotoxins production and their occurrence in foods, it is important to consider the potential accumulation of unexpected mycotoxins in matrices susceptible to be contaminated such as apples. In this regard, a fit-for-purpose LC–MS/MS method to determine co-occurring mycotoxins in apple purees has been proposed, considering the fungal profile isolated from stored apple fruits. Due to the isolation of Fusarium spp., fumonisins were included in the method along with Alternaria toxins (alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tentoxin), aflatoxins, and the only so far regulated patulin. The method was fully characterized in terms of linearity, sensitivity (LODs and LOQs below 0.4 and 1.4 µg kg−1, respectively, except for patulin being lower than 1.2 and 4.1 µg kg−1), precision, and recovery. The optimized method was then applied to the analysis of stored apples and apple purees from retail market. The preliminary survey brought the first evidence of FB1 occurrence in apple purees and highlighted the need for monitoring mycotoxins co-occurrence in apples and apple-based products.