Metformin improves insulin signaling in obese rats via reduced IKK β action in a fiber-type specific manner

Abstract

Metformin is a widely used insulin-sensitizing drug, though its mechanisms are not fully understood. Metformin has been shown to activate AMPK in skeletal muscle; however, its effects on the inhibitor of κ B kinase β (IKK β) in this same tissue are unknown. The aim of this study was to (1) determine the ability of metformin to attenuate IKK β action, (2) determine whether changes in AMPK activity are associated with changes in IKK β action in skeletal muscle, and (3) examine whether changes in AMPK and IKK β function are consistent with improved insulin signaling. Lean and obese male Zuckers received either vehicle or metformin by oral gavage daily for four weeks (four groups of eight). Proteins were measured in white gastrocnemius (WG), red gastrocnemius (RG), and soleus. AMPK phosphorylation increased (P