Are Gyroscopes an Added Value in Leave-One-Subject-Out Activity Recognition with IMUs?

Abstract

Inertial sensors have played a key role in the development of Human Activity Recognition (HAR) systems. Adding gyroscopes in HAR systems leads to increased battery and processing resources. Therefore, it is important to explore their added value compared with using accelerometers only. This study evaluates the added value of gyroscopes in activity recognition. Two public available datasets recorded by accelerometers and gyroscopes were studied. These datasets focus on multiple types of activities: UCI HAR dataset includes walking, walking upstairs, walking downstairs, sitting, standing, laying and WISDM dataset includes 18 hand-oriented and non-hand-oriented activities. Several machine learning models were applied to both datasets for activity recognition. Leave-one-subject-out cross-validation (LOSO) was applied to evaluate the models, where the training set and test set were from different subjects. For UCI HAR dataset, the multilayer perceptron (MLP) model obtained the highest f1-scores. Adding a gyroscope on the waist significantly improved the f1-scores of sitting and laying (both mathrm{p} < 0.05). For WISDM dataset, the support vector machines (SVM) model obtained the highest f1-scores. The gyroscope on the wrist improved hand-oriented activities while the gyroscope in the pockets improved non-hand-oriented activities (all mathrm{p} < 0.05). The results showed the improvement for recognition performance by adding gyroscopes. However, the improvement was dependent on the type of activity and the mounting place of the gyroscope. Clinical relevance-Gyroscopes are common sensors for activity recognition in wearable healthcare systems. This study proves the added value by adding gyroscopes on different mounting places for recognition performance.