Evaluating India's Police Accountability Framework: Internal and External Mechanisms

Abstract

This paper examines the dual framework of police accountability in India, focusing on internal and external mechanisms designed to address misconduct, corruption, and misuse of power within law enforcement agencies. The study begins by exploring the historical roots of India’s police system under the Indian Police Act of 1861 and the colonial structures that have shaped contemporary practices. It then analyzes the effectiveness of internal accountability by analyzing provisions of Indian Police Act 1861. The paper further explores external mechanisms—including judicial oversight, the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), human rights commissions, and media influence—that aim to ensure police accountability to the public.   Despite the existence of these mechanisms, challenges persist, including political interference, limited resources, and public distrust. Drawing on recent data and case studies, this paper highlights the urgent need for reform to enhance transparency and autonomy within the police force while ensuring accountability through strengthened oversight structures