Insects as disease vectors: Historical and contemporary analysis of entomological warfare

Abstract

Entomological warfare has been known since ancient civilizations used insects to spread disease among enemies. Advances in science and technology have enhanced the potential for using insects as vectors for viruses and toxins in warfare, including both traditional methods and new innovations like genetic engineering. This review aims to: (i) explore the historical and contemporary roles of insects in biological warfare; (ii) examine the ethical, legal, and ecological challenges associated with this form of warfare; and (iii) outline historical uses of insects as weapons, from releasing disease-carrying mosquitoes to creating genetically modified insects. It highlights the complexities of legal and ethical frameworks governing entomological warfare and potential environmental impacts. While insects offer unique advantages as biological agents, their use in combat raises significant ethical and environmental concerns. Therefore, there is an urgent need for international cooperation and regulatory oversight to ensure responsible and ethical applications of entomological warfare technologies.