Impaired insulin secretion and increased insulin sensitivity in familial maturity-onset diabetes of the young 4 (insulin promoter factor 1 gene)

Abstract

Diabetes resulting from heterozygosity for an inactivating mutation of the homeodomain transcription factor insulin promoter factor 1 (IPF-1) is due to a genetic defect of β-cell function referred to as maturity-onset diabetes of the young 4. IPF-1 is required for the development of the pancreas and mediates glucose-responsive stimulation of insulin gene transcription. To quantitate islet cell responses in a family harboring a Pro63fsdelC mutation in IPF-1, we performed a five-step (1-h intervals) hyperglycemic clamp on seven heterozygous members (NM) and eight normal genotype members (NN). During the last 30 min of the fifth glucose step, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) was also infused (1.5 pmol · kg-1 · min-1). Fasting plasma glucose levels were greater in the NM group than in the NN group (9.2 vs. 5.9 mmol/l, respectively; P < 0.05). Fasting insulin levels were similar in both groups (72 vs. 105 pmol/l for NN vs. NM, respectively). First-phase insulin and C-peptide responses were absent in individuals in the NM group, who had markedly attenuated insulin responses to glucose alone compared with the NN group. At a glucose level of 16.8 mmol/l above fasting level, GLP-1 augmented insulin secretion equivalently (fold increase) in both groups, but the insulin and C-peptide responses to GLP-1 were sevenfold less in the NM subjects than in the NN subjects. In both groups, glucagon levels fell during each glycemic plateau, and a further reduction occurred during the GLP-1 infusion. Sigmoidal dose-response curves of glucose clearance versus insulin levels during the hyperglycemic clamp in the two small groups showed both a left shift and a lower maximal response in the NM group compared with the NN group, which is consistent with an increased insulin sensitivity in the NM subjects. A sharp decline occurred in the dose-response curve for suppression of nonesterified fatty acids versus insulin levels in the NM group. We conclude that the Pro68fsdelC IPF-1 mutation is associated with a severe impairment of β-cell sensitivity to glucose and an apparent increase in peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin and is a genetically determined cause of β-cell dysfunction.