Knowledge, awareness, attitudes and perceptions on gestational diabetes among females: A systematic review

Abstract

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication with significant maternal and neonatal consequences. Aim: To synthesise evidence on knowledge, awareness, and perception of men and women of reproductive age on GDM to enhance effective prevention and management of GDM. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines across PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, JSTOR, Dimensions AI, and HINARI for studies published between 2000 and 2025. 50 studies, with a total sample size of 29,590 participants, assessing knowledge, awareness, attitudes, or perceptions of GDM among pregnant, postpartum, or reproductive-age women were included. Data were extracted, quality-appraised using JBI and MMAT tools, and synthesised thematically. Results: Fifty studies were included, primarily cross-sectional (88%), with qualitative (8%) and mixed-methods (4%) designs. Women generally demonstrated limited understanding of GDM risk factors, screening procedures, and long-term implications. Cultural norms, emotional responses, and healthcare experiences shaped perceptions and attitudes, sometimes reducing engagement with preventive behaviours. Factors improving knowledge and adherence included structured education, prior exposure to diabetes, supportive healthcare interactions, and family involvement. Conclusion: Awareness and understanding of GDM remain inadequate globally emphasizing major public health concern. Targeted educational interventions, culturally sensitive resources, and enhanced provider–patient engagement are essential to improve knowledge, attitudes, and health outcomes. Future research should prioritise interventional and longitudinal studies using standardised measures across diverse populations.