Association of work–family conflict with psychological distress and mental disorder among Japanese working women

Abstract

Objectives: The current study aimed (1) to examine the associations between bidirectional work–family conf lict, comprising work-to-family conf lict (WFC) and family-to-work conf lict (FWC), and two mental health outcomes: psychological distress and mental disorder; and (2) to examine the associations between demographic variables and work–family conf lict among Japanese working women. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 19 652 Japanese working women in June 2024. Psychological distress was assessed using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, and mental disorder was identified using a screening question about medical consultation or treatment. Work–family conf lict was measured using the Work and Family Conf lict Scale. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed associations between work–family conf lict and mental health outcomes, whereas univariate linear logistic regression examined the associations between demographic variables and work–family conf lict. Results: Among participants, 9.5% reported psychological distress, and 5.3% reported receiving consultation or treatment for mental disorder. Severe WFC and FWC were significantly associated with psychological distress (WFC: odds ratio [OR] 4.94, 95% CI, 4.19-5.81; FWC: OR 3.44, 95% CI, 2.94-4.01; both P < .001) and mental disorder (WFC: OR 1.76, 95% CI, 1.46-2.12; FWC: OR 1.69, 95% CI, 1.40-2.04; both P < .001). Long working hours and caregiving responsibilities were strongly associated with WFC and FWC. Conclusions: Work–family conf lict is significantly associated with adverse mental health among Japanese working women. Organizations need to address this issue in the workplace, particularly regarding f lexible work arrangements and caregiving support, to promote the mental well-being of working women.