Surgical site infections: A narrative review of risk factors, prevention, and emerging innovations

Abstract

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a frequent worry after surgery, caused by several interactions and relationships involving the patient and the surgical process. The investigated primary factors, which play an important role in SSIs, are the traditional risk factors of diabetes, obesity, and smoking, and the emerging risk factors for metabolic syndrome, anemia, and hypoproteinemia. Effective SSI prevention methods in the operating room include timely prophylactic antibiotic use, strict aseptic protocols, and adequate perioperative care. In this narrative review, we have addressed emerging methods such as the use of biodegradable electrically active sutures and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy to reduce the rate of SSIs. There are still difficulties in giving optimal and quick treatment to many patients, especially in India, where the resources and use of new knowledge are restricted. We believe that the only way to address these challenges is through engagement and incorporation of patient-related factors, process improvement, the role of technology, creation and implementation of systematic protocols, adequately funded health policies, and equipment can serve to improve patient outcomes and reduce the incidence of SSIs ultimately.