Review: The application of liquid chromatography electrochemical detection for the determination of drugs of abuse

Abstract

This review (4 tables, 88 references) describes current developments in the design and application of liquid chromatography electrochemical detection (LC ED) based approaches for the determination of drugs of abuse. Specific emphasis is placed on operating details and performance characteristics for selected applications. LC ED has been shown to be highly sensitive and specific as well being a more economic option. A wide range of abused substances have been determined using this approach, including: Cannabinoids, ethanol, opiates, morphine, mushroom toxins, benzodiazepines and several legal highs. Reverse-phase liquid chromatography with either amperometric or coulometric determination has been the most commonly reported applications. However, coulometric arrays have been also reported. Detection limits in the ng/mL region have been reported for most target analytes.