Does breast cancer modify the long-term relationship between lifestyle behaviors and mortality? A prospective analysis of breast cancer survivors and population-based controls

Abstract

Background: Modifiable lifestyle factors are known to impact survival. It is less clear whether this differs between postmenopausal women ever diagnosed with breast cancer and unaffected women. Methods: Women diagnosed with breast cancer and unaffected women of comparable age were recruited from 2002 to 2005 and followed up until 2020. Using baseline information, a lifestyle adherence score (range 0–8; categorized as low [0–3.74], moderate [3.75–4.74], and high [≥4.75]) was created based on the 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) cancer prevention recommendations. Cox regression and competing risks analysis were used to analyze the association of adherence to WCRF/AICR lifestyle recommendations with overall mortality and with death due to cardiovascular diseases and cancer, respectively. Results: A total of 8584 women were included (2785 with breast cancer and 5799 without). With a median follow-up of 16.1 years there were 2006 total deaths. Among the deaths of known causes (98.6%), 445 were cardiovascular-related and 1004 were cancer-related. The average lifestyle score was 4.2. There was no differential effect of lifestyle score by case-control status on mortality. After adjusting for covariates, moderate (hazard ratio [HR], 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57–0.76) and high (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.47–0.63) adherence to WCRF/AICR lifestyle recommendations were significantly associated with a decrease in overall mortality. Similarly, in competing risks analysis, moderate and high adherence were associated with decreased mortality from cardiovascular diseases and from cancer. Conclusions: A healthy lifestyle can substantially reduce mortality risk in women. With low adherence to all WCRF/AICR guidelines in about a third of study participants, health interventions are warranted.