Lower Limb Biomechanical Responses during a Standardized Load Carriage Task are Sex Specific

Abstract

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate sex-specific lower limb biomechanical adaptations during a standardized load carriage task in response to a targeted physical training program. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five healthy civilians (males [n = 13] and females [n = 12]) completed a load carriage task (5 km at 5.5 km·h-1, wearing a 23 kg vest) before and after a 10-week lower-body-focused training program. Kinematics and ground reaction force data were collected during the task and were used to estimate lower limb joint kinematics and kinetics (i.e., moments and powers). Direct statistical comparisons were not conducted due to different data collection protocols between sexes. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA tested for significant interactions between, and main effects of training and distance marched for male and female data, respectively. Results: Primary kinematic and kinetic changes were observed at the knee and ankle joints for males and at the hip and knee joints for females. Knee joint moments increased for both sexes over the 5 km distance marched (P >. 05), with males demonstrating significant reductions in peak knee joint extension after training. Hip adduction, internal rotation, and knee internal rotation angles significantly increased after the 5 km load carriage task for females but not males. Conclusion: Differences in adaptive gait strategies between sexes indicate that physical training needs to be tailored to sex-specific requirements to meet standardized load carriage task demands. The findings highlighted previously unfound sex-specific responses that could inform military training and facilitate the integration of female soldiers into physically demanding military roles.