Constructing an indicator system for factors influencing volleyball coaches' in-game tactical decision-making: a Delphi study

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to construct a systematic and evidence-based framework of indicators for factors influencing volleyball coaches' in-game tactical decision-making. Potential indicators were generated through expert screening and group discussions, then refined via two rounds of Delphi consultation. Indicator weights were determined using the precedence chart method. The final framework comprised six primary indicators—Athlete Competitive Performance (0.3056), Coach Competence and On-site Performance (0.2500), Match Situation and Dynamics (0.1944), Information Support (0.1389), Officiating Performance (0.0566), and Spectator Behavior and Unexpected Incidents (0.0566)—along with 15 secondary and 52 tertiary indicators. Athlete Competitive Performance carried the greatest weight, while Officiating Performance and Spectator Behavior showed the lowest. At the secondary level, Coach Competence, Team Coordination, and both Own and Opponent Athlete Performance were the most influential factors. At the tertiary level, the Individual Technical and Tactical Performance of Own Players was most critical, followed by tactical execution, lineup strength, coaches' authority, and opponent tactical adjustments. Overall, the study highlights the complexity of in-game tactical decision-making and provides a structured indicator framework that offers theoretical insights and practical guidance for improving rational and adaptive coaching decisions in competitive volleyball.