A Framework of Sustainability Performance Indicators for Terrestrial Tourism Development: An Architectural Perspective

Abstract

Terrestrial nature-based tourism offers economic and empowerment benefits but also poses risks degrading ecosystems, biodiversity, and local cultures when planning tools lack contextual sensitivity. This study develops a concise set of sustainability performance indicators for terrestrial nature-based tourism from a sustainable architectural perspective. Using a mixed-method descriptive-explanatory approach, the research identified and classified 75 performance indicators into four dimensions aligned with Minister of Tourism & Creative Economy Regulation Number 9 of 2021: environmental (planet), socio-cultural (people), tourism management (management), and socio-economic (prosperity). These indicators complement and extend the Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) guidelines by addressing gaps specific to terrestrial nature-based tourism in Indonesia. The results provide a practical framework for destination managers, planners and architects, policymakers, auditors, and researchers, fostering tourism development that is more responsible, architecturally informed, and grounded in local contexts. Nevertheless, the 75 performance indicators still require expert validation to determine which criteria and indicators should be prioritized in advancing sustainable terrestrial nature-based tourism.