Hackers, hacktivists and whistleblowers: The portuguese case.

Abstract

Presented herein is an empirical reflection on the phenomenon of hacktivism in Portugal. Adopting a Grounded Theory approach, this article seeks to illustrate the reflexive process that oriented the investigation, based on a work of netnography, which served as the basis for the discovery of new actors and places of observation. Having as the first focus of attention the online activities of some Portuguese groups associated with the collective Anonymous, it develops to an attempt to define concepts and practices regarding hacking, hacktivism, cyber-activism and whistleblowing. This effort is based on empirical examples, looking for a cross-referencing of different standpoints and perspectives on these subjects, involving hacktivists, police officers and cybersecurity researchers.