Maternal Testosterone Concentrations in Third Trimester and Offspring Handgrip Strength at 5 Years: Odense Child Cohort

Abstract

Background: Maternal testosterone in pregnancy may have conditioning effects on offspring muscle strength. Purpose: To investigate possible associations between maternal testosterone concentrations in third trimester and offspring handgrip strength (HGS) at 5 years. Methods: In the prospective, population-based Odense Child Cohort, total testosterone (TT) at gestational week 27-28 and 5-year HGS were measured in 1017 mother-child pairs. TT was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and free testosterone (FT) was calculated from TT and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Multivariable regression analyses were performed with HGS<10th percentile as cutoff for low HGS. Results: Third-trimester FT concentration was 0.004 (0.002-0.007) nmol/L, geometric mean (mean-SD; mean+SD). The mean (SD) 5-year HGS was 8.7 (1.8) kg in boys and 8.1 (1.7) kg in girls (P<0.001). Higher FT concentrations were associated with lower HGS (β=-0.186, P=0.048), after adjustment for maternal age, parity, offspring sex, and 5-year height and weight. FT>0.004 nmol/L was associated with higher risk of 5-year HGS<10th percentile with odds ratios (95% CI) of 1.58 (1.01, 2.47; P=0.047; n=1,017) and 1.69 (1.05, 2.74; P=0.032) after further adjustment for children's organized sports in subgroup analysis (n=848). Lower HGS in relation to higher FT concentrations was found in all linear models but was not always statistically significant. HGS was not associated with maternal TT and SHBG levels. Conclusion: Third trimester FT was inversely associated with offspring muscle strength assessed by HGS at 5 years of age, which may suggest a negative effect of maternal FT on offspring muscle strength.