Tumor cell killing enabled by listeriolysin O-liposome-mediated delivery of the protein toxin gelonin

Abstract

Gelonin is a type I plant toxin that has potential as an effective anti-tumor agent by virtue of its enzymatic capacity to inactivate ribosomes and arrest protein synthesis, thereby effectively limiting the growth of cancer cells. Being a hydrophilic macromolecule, however, gelonin has limited access to its target subcellular compartment, the cytosol; it is effectively plasma membrane-impermeant and subject to rapid degradation within endosomes and lysosomes upon cellular uptake as it lacks the membrane-translocating capability that is typically provided by a disulfide-linked B polypeptide found in the type II toxins (e.g. ricin). These inherent characteristics generate the need for the development of a specialized cytosolic delivery strategy for gelonin as an effective anti-tumor therapeutic agent. Here we describe an efficient means of delivering gelonin to the cytosol of B16 melanoma cells. Gelonin was co-encapsulated inside pH-sensitive liposomes with listeriolysin O, the pore-forming protein that mediates escape of the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes from the endosome into the cytosol. In in vitro experiments, coencapsulated listeriolysin O enabled liposomal gelonin-mediated B16 cell killing with a gelonin IC50 of ∼0.1 nM with an extreme efficiency requiring an incubation time of only 1 h. By contrast, cells treated with equivalent concentrations of unencapsulated gelonin or gelonin encapsulated alone in pH-sensitive liposomes exhibited no detectable cytotoxicity. Moreover, treatment by direct intratumor injection into subcutaneous solid tumors of B16 melanoma in a mouse model showed that pH-sensitive liposomes containing both listeriolysin O and gelonin were more effective than control formulations in curtailing tumor growth rates.