A Systematic Literature Review on the Use of Dried Biofluid Microsampling in Patients With Kidney Disease

Abstract

Background: Kidney disease is fairly unique due to the lack of symptoms associated with disease activity, and it is therefore dependent on biological monitoring. Dried biofluids, particularly dried capillary blood spots, are an accessible, easy-to-use technology that have seen increased utility in basic science research over the past decade. However, their use is yet to reach the kidney patient population clinically or in large-scale discovery science initiatives. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the existing literature surrounding the use of dried biofluids in kidney research. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using three search engines and a predefined search term strategy. Results were summarised according to the collection method, type of biofluid, application to kidney disease, cost, sample stability and patient acceptability. Results: In total, 404 studies were identified and 67 were eligible. In total, 34,739 patients were recruited to these studies with a skew towards male participants (> 73%). The majority of samples were blood, which was used either for monitoring anti-rejection immunosuppressive drug concentrations or for kidney function. Dried biofluids offered significant cost savings to the patient and healthcare service. The majority of patients preferred home microsampling when compared to conventional monitoring. Conclusion: There is an unmet need in bringing dried microsampling technology to advance kidney disease despite its advantages. This technology provides an opportunity to upscale patient recruitment and longitudinal sampling, enhance vein preservation and overcome participation bias in research.