The Evolution of Email Encryption: From PGP to Modern Standards

Abstract

Email encryption has evolved from early methods like PGP and S/MIME to modern standards such as End-to-End Encryption (E2EE) and Transport Layer Security (TLS). This paper reveals persistent usability issues, particularly among novice users, and highlight the demand for automated and user-friendly encryption solutions. PGP uses a decentralized model, while S/MIME relies on Certificate Authorities. Today, services like ProtonMail use E2EE to protect content, and TLS secures email during transmission. Despite advancements, challenges remain, innovative solutions, including blockchain-based key management and AI-enhanced cryptography, are proposed to address these challenges and promote broader adoption. By integrating automation, intuitive design, and educational initiatives, email encryption can become more accessible, fostering secure communication across diverse user groups.