Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Proteins and Actin Cytoskeleton Modulate Chloride Transport by Channels Formed by the Helicobacter pylori Vacuolating Cytotoxin VacA in HeLa Cells

Abstract

The vacuolating cytotoxin VacA is an important virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori. Removing glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-Ps) from the cell surface by phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C or disrupting the cell actin cytoskeleton by cytochalasin D reduced VacA-induced vacuolation of cells (Ricci V., Galmiche, A., Doye, A., Neechi, V., Solcia, E., and Boquet, P. (2000) Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 3397-3909). Using the fluorescent dye 6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolinium chloride, an indicator for cytosolic chloride, we have investigated the role of either GPI-Ps or actin cytoskeleton in the activity of the selective anionic channel formed by VacA at the plasma membrane level. Removal of GPI-Ps from HeLa cell surfaces did not impair VacA localization into lipid rafts but strongly reduced VacA channel mediated cell influx and efflux of chloride. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton of HeLa cells by cytochalasin D did not affect VacA localization in lipid rafts but blocked VacA cell internalization and inhibited cell vacuolation while increasing the overall chloride transport by the toxin channel at the cell surface. Specific enlargement of Rab7-positive compartments induced by VacA could be mimicked by the weak base chloroquine alone, and the vacuolating activities of either chloroquine alone or VacA were blocked with the same potency by the anion channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid shown to inhibit VacA channel activity (Tombola, F., Oregna, F., Brutsche, S., Szabò, I., Del Giudice, G., Rappuoli, R., Montecucco, C., Papini, E., and Zoratti, M. (1999) FEBS Lett 460, 221-225). We suggest that formation of functional VacA channels at the cell surface required GPI-Ps and that endocytosis of these channels by an actin-dependent process increases the chloride content of late endosomes that accumulate weak bases, provoking their enlargement by osmotic swelling.