The effects of nurturing pressure and unemployment on carbon emissions: cross-country evidence

Abstract

Nurturing pressure and unemployment affect our production and life in many ways. The aim of this study is to examine the potential effects of nurturing pressure and unemployment on global CO2 emissions, by using the panel data of 77 countries and regions from 1991 to 2020 and a STIRPAT-based theoretical framework. The results show that at the global level, both nurturing pressure and unemployment overall have negative effects on CO2 emissions. While at the regional level, it becomes a different situation. An increase in nurturing pressure leads to an increase in CO2 emissions in the Americas and the Middle East and a decrease in CO2 emissions in Africa, Europe, and Asia–Pacific. Unemployment has a positive effect on CO2 emissions in the Middle East and a negative effect on CO2 emissions in Africa, Americas, Europe, and the Asia–Pacific regions. There is no evidence that unemployment has certain effects on CO2 emissions in the Middle East and the Asia–Pacific regions.