Jerveratrum-Type Steroidal Alkaloids Inhibit β-1,6-Glucan Biosynthesis in Fungal Cell Walls

Abstract

Non- Candida albicans Candida species (NCAC) are on the rise as a cause of mycosis. Many antifungal drugs are less effective against NCAC, limiting the available therapeutic agents. The limited number of available effective agents necessitates the development of new antifungals. We report that jervine, a jerveratrum-type steroidal alkaloid isolated from Veratrum californicum , has antifungal activity. Phenotypic comparisons of cell wall mutants, K1 killer toxin susceptibility testing, and quantification of cell wall components revealed that β-1,6-glucan biosynthesis was significantly inhibited by jervine. Temperature-sensitive mutants defective in essential genes involved in β-1,6-glucan biosynthesis, including BIG1 , KEG1 , KRE5 , KRE9 , and ROT1 , were hypersensitive to jervine. In contrast, point mutations in KRE6 or its paralog SKN1 produced jervine resistance, suggesting that jervine targets Kre6 and Skn1. Jervine exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity and was effective against human-pathogenic fungi, including Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei . It was also effective against phytopathogenic fungi, including Botrytis cinerea and Puccinia recondita . Jervine exerted a synergistic effect with fluconazole. Therefore, jervine, a jerveratrum-type steroidal alkaloid used in pharmaceutical products, represents a new class of antifungals active against mycoses and plant-pathogenic fungi. IMPORTANCE Non- Candida albicans Candida species (NCAC) are on the rise as a cause of mycosis. Many antifungal drugs are less effective against NCAC, limiting the available therapeutic agents. Here, we report that jervine, a jerveratrum-type steroidal alkaloid, is effective against NCAC and phytopathogenic fungi. Jervine acts on Kre6 and Skn1, which are involved in β-1,6-glucan biosynthesis. The skeleton of jerveratrum-type steroidal alkaloids has been well studied, and more recently, their anticancer properties have been investigated. Therefore, jerveratrum-type alkaloids could potentially be applied as treatments for fungal infections and cancer.