Discussing EU's security identity: defence spending, strategic autonomy and transition from normative ambition to geopolitical reality

Abstract

This article examines the evolving nature of the European Union's (EU) security identity, arguing that the traditional perception of the EU as a normative or civilian power is being gradually redefined in light of recent geopolitical challenges. By integrating political analysis with economic data on defence spending and military aid to Ukraine, the study highlights the Union's transition from rhetorical ambition to tangible strategic engagement. Drawing on four comparative graphs that illustrate the increase in defence expenditures, joint EU-level funding, and military assistance provided by member states, the article underscores the growing material basis of the EU's security role. It explores how initiatives aimed at strengthening strategic autonomy-such as PESCO, EDF, and the Strategic Compass-are increasingly complemented by measurable financial commitments and operational capacities. While internal divergences and external dependencies persist, the empirical evidence suggests that the EU is moving beyond symbolic declarations and toward becoming a more cohesive geopolitical actor. The article concludes by outlining key dilemmas and opportunities for the EU as it redefines its role in an era of strategic uncertainty and a dynamically evolving global and regional security environment.