The influencing factors of health hazards of benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette mainstream smoke: The example of one brand in Beijing

Abstract

INTRODUCTION The study focused on the influence of tar concentrations, smoking regimen, and smoking behavior, on benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) emission from cigarette mainstream smoke and related health hazards to determine the key factors influencing B[a]P reduction and protection of the smoker's health. METHODS A locally popular brand of cigarettes in Beijing was selected with tar concentrations of 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, and 11 mg/cigarette. Two different machine smoking regimens, the Canada Intense (HCI) regimen and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) regimen, were adopted to collect the cigarette mainstream smoke. The B[a]P emission concentrations were then measured by gas chromatography and mass spectrum. RESULTS The average B[a]P emission was 8.14-17.6 ng/cigarette for the HCI regimen and 0.92-3.46 ng/cigarette for the ISO regimen. As expected, the tar concentrations and B[a]P emissions exhibited a positive relation in both the HCI and ISO regimens, the cancer risk and non-cancer risk increased with an increase in tar concentrations for both the ISO and HCI regimens, and the smoking behavior also affected the B[a]P emissions with a tendency of VB (ventilation blocking) > HVB (half ventilation blocking) > DP (deep puff), under the same smoking regimen. Under the same conditions, the cancer risk and non-cancer risk in men were 1.19 and 1.11 times, respectively, higher than in women. CONCLUSIONS The smoking regimen influences the B[a]P emission relatively more than the cigarette tar concentration and smoking behavior. The cancer risk and non-cancer risk are higher in men than in women that possibly due to longer smoking duration and greater smoking intensity.