JAK inhibitors remove innate immune barriers facilitating viral propagation

Abstract

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are small-molecule therapeutics that reduce inflammation in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases by modulating the JAK–STAT pathway. While effective in alleviating immune-mediated conditions, JAK inhibitors can impair antiviral defences by suppressing interferon (IFN) responses, potentially increasing susceptibility to viral infections. This study investigates the pro-viral mechanism of JAK inhibitors, focusing on baricitinib, across various cell lines, organoids, and viral strains, including a recombinant Rift Valley fever virus, influenza A virus, SARS-CoV-2, and wild-type adenovirus. Our findings demonstrate that baricitinib suppresses transcription of IFN-stimulated genes in non-infected cells, which is triggered by type I IFNs produced by infected cells, facilitating viral propagation. The pro-viral effect was influenced by viral load, inhibitor concentration, and structural characteristics of the compound. These results underscore the dual effects of JAK inhibitors: reducing inflammation while potentially exacerbating viral infections. Additionally, the findings highlight opportunities to leverage JAK inhibitors for viral research, vaccine production, and drug screening.