Role of Eryptosis in Hemorrhagic Stroke

Abstract

Erythrocytes undergo certain morphological changes resembling apoptosis during senescence or in an abnormal state/site, which is termed eryptosis. This process is characterized by phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, membrane blebbing, and cell shrinkage. Eryptotic erythrocytes are subsequently removed via macrophage-mediated efferocytosis. In hemorrhagic stroke (HS), blood within an artery rapidly bleeds into the brain tissue or the subarachnoid space, resulting in severe neurological deficits. A hypoxic, over-oxidative, and pro-inflammatory microenvironment in the hematoma leads to oxidative stress, hyperosmotic shock, energy depletion, and Cl– removal in erythrocytes, which eventually triggers eryptosis. In addition, eryptosis following intracerebral hemorrhage favors hematoma clearance, which sheds light on a common mechanism of intrinsic phagocytosis. In this review, we summarized the canonical mechanisms of eryptosis and discussed its pathological conditions associated with HS. Understanding the role of eryptosis in HS may uncover additional potential interventions for further translational clinical research.