Three-dimensional DC anisotropic resistivity modelling using finite elements on unstructured grids

Abstract

We present a newly developed finite element program for direct current resistivity modelling, which can handle arbitrary 3-D electric anisotropy. For this purpose, it is of particular importance to construct appropriate grids because artificial anisotropy can be introduced through preferential directions associated with regular grid structures. Therefore, results from different kinds of grids (structured hexahedral, structured tetrahedral and unstructured tetrahedral) are checked for symmetry. After a series of comparisons, we conclude that unstructured tetrahedral grids generally perform best. In addition, this grid type allows for local refinement, which greatly reduces the number of nodes and, consequently, lowers the computational costs significantly. A singularity removal technique is applied, which improves the accuracy considerably. The resulting system of linear equations is solved by a conjugate gradient method with a symmetric successive overrelaxation pre-conditioner. Comparisons with analytical solutions prove the code to be highly accurate for both isotropic and anisotropic models. More complex models are investigated to analyse the response of anisotropic structures, for example, in form of the P2 tensor invariant. Finally, we apply the code to a hot dry rock scenario and show that anisotropy reveals significant information on the hydraulically induced fracture system. © The Authors 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society.