Challenges and Opportunities for Gender-Inclusive Public Transport Policies in Southeast Asian Economies

Abstract

Public transportation systems in Southeast Asia are vital for economic growth and social equity; however, they often fail to address the unique needs of women and marginalised genders. This results in safety concerns, accessibility barriers, and restricted mobility, limiting their participation in education, employment, and public life. This study explores the challenges and opportunities for implementing gender-inclusive public transport policies in Southeast Asian economies, focusing on Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. This study uses existing literature, case studies, and policy frameworks to identify the main socio-cultural, economic, and infrastructure barriers. These include harassment, poor infrastructure, and a lack of gender-separated data. It also highlights opportunities for innovation, including gender-responsive urban planning, technological advancements such as safety apps and real-time tracking, and community engagement initiatives. Policy reforms, such as stricter anti-harassment laws and subsidies for women’s transportation, are critical for fostering inclusivity. Public-private partnerships and awareness campaigns further enhance the potential for equitable transportation systems. These findings underscore the need for collaborative efforts among governments, the private sector, and civil society to create safe, accessible, and sustainable transportation systems. By addressing the unique mobility needs of women and marginalised genders, Southeast Asia can promote social equity, economic development, and inclusive urbanisation in the region. This study contributes to the growing discourse on gender-inclusive transportation by offering actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in the region.