Temporal Patterns of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Analyzing Pregestational and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Among Women Aged 15–44 Years Using the United States Diabetes Surveillance System (USDDS) Database

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Diabetes in pregnancy, including pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), is a significant global health concern. Understanding its temporal patterns is crucial for effective healthcare planning and intervention strategies. METHODS: This retrospective observational study utilized data from the United States Diabetes Surveillance System (USDDS) spanning 2000 to 2019. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of temporal trends in PGDM and GDM prevalence among people aged 15-44 years. Additionally, age and race-based subgroup analyses were performed to identify variations in diabetes patterns. RESULTS: Over the two-decade study period, PGDM and GDM exhibited distinct temporal patterns. PGDM prevalence remained stable initially (1.1% per 100 deliveries) but gradually increased to 1.6% by 2019. In contrast, GDM prevalence showed a consistent rise, reaching 9.6% per 100 deliveries by 2019. Age-specific analysis revealed higher prevalence rates in older age groups, peaking at 40-44 years. Race-based analyses unveiled significant disparities, with Asians having the highest GDM rates and Black individuals having the highest PGDM rates. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy in the United States has increased significantly from 2000 to 2019, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance and tailored interventions. Age and race-specific disparities highlight the importance of the growing impact of diabetes in pregnancy on maternal and fetal health.