Biological Activity of Azo Compounds: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Azo compounds, defined by the characteristic azo (-N=N-) functional group, represent one of the largest classes of synthetic organic compounds with extensive industrial and biomedical applications. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of their synthesis methods, structural diversity, physicochemical properties, and biological activities. Emphasis is placed on their evolving role in medicinal chemistry, particularly in the development of antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents. Advances in synthetic techniques—including green chemistry approaches—have improved their functional versatility and environmental safety. Furthermore, applications in photodynamic therapy, laser dyes, and dye-sensitized solar cells highlight their importance in emerging technologies. The review also discusses environmental concerns and the need for sustainable degradation strategies. This work aims to serve as a reference point for researchers exploring the multifunctional potential of azo compounds in both industrial and biomedical domains.