Comprehensive GC-MS Profiling of Bioactive Compounds in Lampeni (Ardisia humilis) Leaves from Lampung, Indonesia: A Potential Source of Therapeutic Agents

Abstract

Ardisia humilis, or Lampeni in Indonesia, is one of the well-known medicinal plants. Studies have shown that Lampeni has antihyperglycemic, antihypercholesterolemic, antiplatelet, antiviral, antibacterial, antiplasmodial, and antiproliferative activities in cancer cell lines. Some bioactive compounds in Lampeni leaves are α-amyrin, β-amyrin, and bergenin. However, scientific investigations on its bioactive compounds remain limited. This study aimed to analyze the profile of bioactive compounds of Lampeni using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Powdered lampeni leaves were extracted, and fractionated with solvents of varying polarities. The bioactive compounds profile of the extracts and fractions were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The chemometric profile of the identified compounds were also analyzed. Results from the GC-MS analysis identified a total of 76 compounds in the different extracts and fractions of Lampeni leaves. Major compounds in the methanol extract were α-amyrin and β-amyrin; major compounds in the 96% ethanol extract were olean-12-en-3-ol and α-amyrin; major compounds in the 70% ethanol extract were olean-12-en-3-ol and α-amyrin; major compounds in the 50% ethanol extract were butanal, 3-methyl (isovaleraldehyde) and 9-octadecadienoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester; major compounds in the n hexane fraction were α-amyrin and β-amyrin; major compound in the ethyl acetate fraction was pyrogallol; and major compounds in the butanol fraction were 2-furancarboxaldeyde,5-(hydroxymethyl)-and 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-. Overall, the major compounds in Lampeni leaves are α-amyrin and β-amyrin, which were found in the methanol extract, 96% ethanol extract, 70% ethanol extract, and n-hexane fraction.