A Robust Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection (CE-LIF) Method for Quantitative Compositional Analysis of Trace Amino Acids in Hypersaline Samples

Abstract

The search for life in our solar system can be enabled by the characterization of extreme environments representing conditions expected on other planets within our solar system. Molecular abundances observed in these environments help establish instrument design requirements, including limits of detection and pH/salt tolerance, and may be used for validation of proposed planetary science instrumentation. Here, we optimize capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) separations for low limit of detection quantitative compositional analysis of amino acids in hypersaline samples using carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) as the amine-reactive fluorescent probe. Two methods were optimized for identification and quantification of proteinogenic amino acids, those with and those without acidic side chains, with limits of detection as low as 250 pM, improving on previous CFSE-amino acid CE-LIF methods by an order of magnitude. The resilience of the method to samples with high concentrations of Mg2+ (>4 M diluted to >0.4 M for analysis) is demonstrated on a sample collected from the salt harvesting facility South Bay Salt Works in San Diego, CA, demonstrating the highest Mg2+ tolerance for CE-LIF methods used in amino acid analyses to date. This advancement enables the rapid and robust analysis of trace amino acids and the search for biosignatures in hypersaline systems.