Intraplate volcanism on the Zealandia Eocene-Early Oligocene continental shelf: the Waiareka-Deborah Volcanic Field, North Otago

Abstract

Volcaniclastic deposits, pillow lavas, dikes and sills of the intraplate Waiareka-Deborah Volcanic Field in North Otago were emplaced into and onto the Zealandia Eocene-Early Oligocene continental shelf. The on-land extent is ∼890 km2 but offshore volcanic rocks occurring over an additional ∼3500 km2 may be related. Examination of the on-land volcaniclastic deposits indicates volcanism was dominated by short-lived clustered surtseyan-style eruptions. Pyroclast glass and sill and lava bulk rock chemistries show that the magmas were mainly sub-alkaline basalt to basaltic andesite. Minor alkaline centres are best represented by basanitic-melanephelinitic volcaniclastic deposits at Kakanui, which also contain an array of megacrysts plus mantle and crustal xenoliths. The sub-alkaline and alkaline source reservoirs had similar Sr and Nd isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr34 Ma = 0.70346 ± 40, 143Nd/144Nd34 Ma = 0.51282 ± 4) but the sub-alkaline rocks tend to be slightly less radiogenic in 206Pb/204Pb or 208Pb/204Pb versus 207Pb/204Pb space. The dominant sub-alkaline nature and the isotopic compositions distinguish this volcanic field from the nearby Dunedin Volcanic Group and Alpine Dike Swarm. As the Waiareka-Deborah isotopic compositions are poorly represented in the Otago mantle lithosphere, the magmas may have been derived from the asthenosphere. There were multiple modes of Cenozoic intraplate volcanism in Otago.