Implementation of conifer somatic embryogenesis in clonal forestry: Technical requirements and deployment considerations

Abstract

Cloning of trees using somatic embryogenesis (SE) could have a major impact on tree breeding and commercial plantation forestry. In conjunction with cryopreservation, SE offers an opportunity to develop highly valuable clone lines. Commercial deployment of such genetically tested clone lines in forestry will dramatically increase forest productivity over any available conventional tree improvement techniques. However, sufficient technical advances must be made to use SE in clonal forestry. Progress in SE techniques and genetic stability of clones is reviewed, using white spruce (Picea glauca) and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) as model species. There are several other issues in implementing clonal forestry. The main concern is managing clonal plantations for optimal genetic gain and diversity. The issues and considerations for selecting appropriate numbers of clones and deployment strategies are discussed. A clonal deployment strategy using a "mixture of clones and seedlings" is proposed for eastern Canada.