A Theory of the Risks of Venture Capital Financing

Abstract

Abstract In this Letter, we investigated the barrier protective effects of 3-N-(MeO)n-cinnamoyl carbazoles (BS 1; n = 1, {BS} 2; n = 2, {BS} 3; n = 3) and 3-O-(MeO)3-cinnamoyl carbazole (BS 4) against high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)-mediated vascular disruptive responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in mice for the first time. Data showed that {BS} 2, {BS} 3, and {BS} 4, but not {BS} 1, inhibited HMGB1-mediated vascular disruptive responses and transendothelial migration of human neutrophils to HUVECs. {BS} 2, BS3, and {BS} 4 also suppressed HMGB1-induced hyperpermeability and leukocyte migration in mice. Interestingly, the barrier protective effects of {BS} 3 and {BS} 4 were better than those of {BS} 2. These results suggest that the number of methoxy groups substituted on the cinnamamide or cinnamate moiety of the 9H-3-carbazole derivative is an important pharmacophore for the barrier protective effects of these compounds.