Dry eye syndrome in teenagers as a result of using digital devices

Abstract

DED is a multifactorial ocular surface disease marked by tear film instability, inflammation, and potential ocular surface damage. Traditionally more prevalent in older, postmenopausal women, DED cases have surged across all age groups due to increased technology use. Symptoms such as ocular pain, blurred vision, and eye fatigue are common, with reduced blinking and tear evaporation from prolonged screen time being key contributors. This study highlights adolescents, a group rarely screened for DED, aiming to assess their awareness, symptom prevalence, and behavioural patterns linked to the condition. Although DED is traditionally associated with older adults, evidence indicates its rising prevalence among adolescents, particularly female students. Given the escalating use of digital devices, the findings underscore the critical need for early diagnosis and intervention in this demographic. As treatments for DED advance, addressing both aqueous-deficient and hyper-evaporative conditions remains essential to enhancing patient outcomes and overall quality of life. This study surveyed 776 high school students (441 females, 335 males, average age 16.28) in Prizren, Kosovo. Data collected included technology usage, eye health awareness, and the presence of six common DED symptoms. Tear production was objectively measured using the Schirmer test. Nearly half of the participants reported at least one DED symptom, with higher prevalence among females (51.8%) than males (40.7%). Despite significant symptoms, only 26.0% of females and 16.4% of males sought medical care. The Schirmer test revealed lower tear production in females (OD=13.90±9.13, OS=13.93±9.10) compared to males (OD=15.61±9.13, OS=15.60±9.10) with statistically significant differences (p<0.05). Adolescents, especially females, are increasingly vulnerable to DED due to prolonged screen time. The low medical consultation rates highlight the need for better awareness and preventive strategies to mitigate technology’s impact on eye health. Early intervention is essential to improving outcomes and quality of life in this age group.