Electrifying Nitrogen Fixation: Plasma-Driven NOxSynthesis for Sustainable Fertilizer Production

Abstract

Decarbonizing nitrogen fixation is essential for sustainable fertilizer production, as the conventional Haber–Bosch process remains highly energy-intensive and a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. Plasma electrification offers a fossil-free, electricity-driven, and decentralized modular alternative that can operate flexibly with intermittent renewable energy sources. In this Perspective, we critically examine the current progress in plasma-based NOx synthesis, with particular emphasis on reactor engineering, plasma–catalyst synergy, and plasma–liquid systems. We discuss how key operating parameters and plasma-induced reaction pathways govern efficiency and selectivity, and highlight recent advances that enhance NOx yield while reducing energy consumption. Furthermore, we outline forward-looking strategies to improve plasma–gas interactions, suppress backward reactions, develop robust catalysts stable under nonequilibrium conditions, advance in situ diagnostics, and perform comprehensive techno-economic and life-cycle analyses to enable scalable and practical implementations. By highlighting these opportunities, this Perspective positions plasma-enabled nitrogen fixation as a transformative complement to the Haber–Bosch process, offering a sustainable route to fertilizer production that reduces fossil fuel dependence and mitigates environmental impact.