Progress in Research of the Signaling by Phospholipid The Phospholipid Hydrolysis Product, its Metabolite and Specific Phosphatidylcholine Molecular Species as a Signaling Molecule on Intercellular and Intracellular.

Abstract

A review. Phospholipid (PL) is an essential ingredient which achieves membrane formation of a cell or an organelle, and signaling mol. On intercellular and intracellular, the signaling mols. of PL origin are the PL mol. species itself, the hydrolyzed products by phospholipaseA(PLA1, 2), phospholipaseC(PLC), phospholipaseD(PLD), and those metabolic products. PL, esp. specific phosphatidylcholine (PC) mol. species is recognized by the nuclear receptor. So, when these PC mol. species activate a transcription factor, making a target gene reveal and promoting a lipid metab. improvement is suggested. The hydrolysis by the PLA1, 2 of PL produces an equiv. amt. of lysoPL(LPL) and fatty acid or polyunsatd. fatty acid(PUFA). This PUFA contains arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), etc. About LPL, lysoPC (LPC) and the lysophosphatidyserine which has an immunity related action, etc. were contained. On PUFA, AA cascade domain was created from AA, and, as for EPA, an eicosanoid domain and DHA have extended the docosanoid domain. About hydrolysis by PLC of PL, phosphatidylinositol is the main objects, and the cleavage product produces protein kinaseC activation diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate which carry out calcium ion release from smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The PLD function to PL has a phosphodiesterases(PDE) function and a base exchange function. The former produced the protein activation phosphatidic acid and a base choline(Cho), serine and ethanolamine etc. The latter is producing the phosphatidylserine(PS) from PC or phosphatidylethanolamine in a central domain, and the PS is participating in signaling of neural membrane. Secretory lysoPLD hydrolyzes LPC into LPA and Cho. It was identified that is the autotaxin of a cellular motility stimulation factor. Controlling Cho metab. by the thing for which new Cho content PL specific PDE hydrolyzes LPC and glycerophosphocholine (GPC) into phoshoCho was found out. As for GPC, existence is obsd. also in semen, a testis, and the kidney abundantly as a Cho source of supply in mother's milk. Promotion of growth hormone secretion, an impaired liver function improvement, etc. are known, and the relation of GPC with the osmotic adjustment action by the kidney or a spermary is deep. [on SciFinder(R)]