Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposites from Agricultural Waste for Sustainable Packaging Applications

Abstract

Coupled with the rapid generation of non-biodegradable plastic waste, which accounts for about 400 million tons of global production each year, there is increased pressure to seek sustainable alternatives to conventional packaging. Traditional petroleum-based plastics are the most common packaging materials, accounting for almost 40% of overall plastic consumption in the packaging sector, and they cause serious environmental and ecological issues. This paper will research the production of biodegradable polymer nanocomposites from agricultural waste as a sustainable solution for packaging. Solution casting and melt blending methods were used to prepare agricultural residues into nano-sized fillers (20-80 nm) for use in a biodegradable polymer framework. The mechanical strength, thermal stability, barrier properties, and biodegradability of the nanocomposite films were characterized. The tensile strength increased by 32 %, and the Young's modulus increased by 27 % when the experimental results were compared with those of the neat biodegradable polymer. The permeability of water vapor was also reduced by 21%, indicating improved barrier performance in food packaging. The thermogravimetric analysis showed an increase in the thermal degradation temperature by 150 °C, indicating enhanced thermal stability. The laboratory test of soil burial revealed that the degradation of soil burial was 85 % in 90 days, which is much higher in comparison with conventional plastic (less than 5 % degradation). The life cycle assessment also revealed that a carbon footprint might decrease by 38 % when using the petroleum-based packaging material. Its results affirm that biodegradable nanocomposites reinforced with agricultural waste are mechanically strong, thermally resistant, and environmentally friendly for use in packaging. This method not only glorifies agro-residues but also facilitates the development of the circular economy, which has less impact on the environment but functions well in commercial packaging solutions.