Glycine regulates protein turnover by activating protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin and by inhibiting MuRF1 and atrogin-1 gene expression in C2C12 myoblasts

Abstract

Background: The regulation of protein turnover in skeletal muscle is essential for the maintenance of integrity, growth, and function of this tissue. We recently reported that glycine enhances skeletal muscle growth in young pigs. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Objective: This study was conducted with a mouse myoblast cell line, C2C12, to test the hypothesis that glycine activates protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (Akt/mTOR), as well as inhibits 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the expression of genes for proteolysis. Methods: C2C12myoblastswere culturedwith 0, 0.25 (physiologic concentration in mouse plasma), 0.5, or 1.0mmol glycine/L. Cell proliferation, activation ofmammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), AMPK signaling,mRNA levels of atrogin-1 and muscle-specific ring finger protein 1 (MuRF1), and protein synthesis and degradationweremeasured in the absence or presence of an Akt inhibitor, LY294002, or an AMPK activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide ribonucleoside (AICAR). Results: Compared with control cells, 0.25-1.0mmol glycine/L enhanced cell growth (by 12-15%) after 24 h (P < 0.05). Glycine treatment led to increased DNA replication (by 70-80%) while enhancing mTORC1 activation by upregulating Akt and inhibiting AMPK signaling (P < 0.05). Accordingly, glycine exposure increased (P < 0.05) the rate of protein synthesis (by 20-80%) and inhibited (P < 0.05) the rate of protein degradation (by 15-30%) in a concentration-dependent manner in C2C12 cells. These observations were validated by the use of an Akt inhibitor, LY294002, or an AMPK activator, AICAR. Moreover, glycine addition resulted in decreased mRNA levels for atrogin-1 and MuRF1 (by 20-40% and 30-50%, respectively; P < 0.05). The repressing effect of glycine on the expression of MuRF1, instead of atrogin-1, was abolished by LY294002 (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings indicate that glycine plays a previously unrecognized role in enhancing protein synthesis and inhibiting protein degradation in C2C12 cells. Glycine regulates protein turnover by activatingmTORC1 and by inhibiting the expression of genes for proteolysis.Our results indicate that glycine is a functional amino acid that improvesmuscle cell growth.