Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Inactivation and Eradication of Candida spp. Biofilms in Healthcare Environment: A Novel Approach in Modern Clinical Practice

Abstract

Modern medicine is facing a significant challenge in dealing with infections caused by Candida spp. and the biofilms they form. Although there are numerous treatment methods available for Candida species, standard therapeutic protocols are increasingly failing, particularly in cases of chronic local infections, such as those affecting immunocompromised patients (e.g., due to immunosuppression or diabetes). In such cases, a promising approach is to use nanomaterials to inactivate and eradicate Candida spp. and their biofilms. In order to limit the spread of Candida spp. and their biofilms within the healthcare environment, thereby reducing the risk of patient infection, photocatalysis appears to be a noteworthy method for improving therapeutic outcomes. Candida spp. biofilms are difficult to eradicate because they possess multiple resistance mechanisms—including protective extracellular matrix, efflux pumps, quorum sensing, persister and Goliath cells—which collectively enhance drug tolerance, adhesion, and survival rates under antifungal treatment. The use of nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles, carbon dots, or nanozymes for photocatalytic processes, seems to be a promising solution, showing outstanding results in Candida spp. biofilm disruption and inactivation. This is due to their superior biofilm penetration, effective destruction of proteins and enzymes, destabilization of EPS, degradation of nucleic acids, and reduced drug resistance. We collected the most important nanomaterials useful in combating Candida spp. biofilm and organized the photocatalysis mechanism of action in its disruption. Based on current research, we have compiled modern strategies involving nanomaterials and their photocatalytic activity for potential application in the healthcare environment, with the aim of reducing the presence of Candida spp. biofilms and, consequently, lowering the incidence of Candida spp.-related infections.