Mediation of the relationship between maternal phthalate exposure and preterm birth by oxidative stress with repeated measurements across pregnancy

Abstract

Background: Mediation analysis is useful for understanding mechanisms and has been used minimally in the study of the environment and disease. Objective: We examined mediation of the association between phthalate exposure during pregnancy and preterm birth by oxidative stress. Methods: This nested case–control study of preterm birth (n = 130 cases, 352 controls) included women who delivered in Boston, Massachusestts, from 2006 through 2008. Phthalate metabolites and 8-isoprostane, an oxidative stress biomarker, were measured in urine from three visits in pregnancy. We applied four counterfactual mediation methods: method 1, utilizing exposure and mediator averages; method 2, using averages but allowing for an exposure–mediator interaction; method 3, incorporating longitudinal measurements of the exposure and mediator; and method 4, using longitudinal measurements and allowing for an exposure–mediator interaction. Results: We observed mediation of the associations between phthalate metabolites and all preterm birth by 8-isoprostane, with the greatest estimated proportion mediated observed for spontaneous preterm births specifically. Fully utilizing repeated measures of the exposure and mediator improved precision of indirect (i.e., mediated) effect estimates, and including an exposure–mediator interaction increased the estimated proportion mediated. For example, for mono(2-ethyl-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MECPP), a metabolite of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), the percent of the total effect mediated by 8-isoprostane increased from 47% to 60% with inclusion of an exposure– mediator interaction term, in reference to a total adjusted odds ratio of 1.67 or 1.48, respectively. Conclusions: This demonstrates mediation of the phthalate–preterm birth relationship by oxidative stress, and the utility of complex regression models in capturing mediated associations when repeated measures of exposure and mediator are available and an exposure–mediator interaction may exist.