Decarbonization

Abstract

This chapter describes the pathways to convert emitted (or otherwise wasted) CO2 into more valuable products or chemical feedstock (CU) as means for adding value or creating revenues through CO2 utilization, which might contribute to attaining economic sustainability while solving energy and environmental issues. Emphasis is given on the need of implementing R&D processes for the conversion of CO2 (using low-carbon energy sources) to warrant a green future. Thus, inorganic as well as organic valorization routes are described, together with other more aspirational and inspirational routes, such as artificial photosynthesis, keeping in mind that CO2 abatement cannot rely on natural photosynthesis as the unique process to reduce CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Process conditions, economic and energy limitations, or incentives are also incorporated in the discussion. The issues faced and addressed by the end-users and the challenges of marketing the end-products are included in a separate section. Another section of the chapter introduces the net-zero initiative, approaches, and pathways to the 1.5 °C goal, to finally reach a section dealing with the potential of the different sources of energy, as well as with the decarbonization ambitious targets.