Arsenate Adsorption on Fe and Fe/Cu Metal–Organic Frameworks in Water Matrices: Performance, Regeneration, and Stability Insights

Abstract

Arsenic pollution is a prevalent challenge worldwide due to extensive use dating back thousands of years, and the pentavalent species arsenate (As(V)) is of particular interest because it predominates in oxygenated groundwater. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), characterized by their high surface area and tunable surface chemistry, have emerged as promising adsorbents for its rapid and efficient removal. This study systematically evaluated the adsorption performance, physicochemical properties, and regeneration behavior of monometallic Fe-BTC MOF and bimetallic Fe/Cu-BTC for As(V) removal under application-relevant conditions. Fe-BTC exhibited the highest adsorption capacity of As(V) (117.5 mg g−1), whereas Fe/Cu-BTC showed a lower capacity (74.6 mg g−1). Adsorption in tap water decreased slightly for both materials (19–23%), indicating mild competition from coexisting ions. The adsorption behavior followed the Freundlich model, indicating competitive occupation of high-energy sites on Fe-BTC. In contrast, the surface heterogeneity of Fe/Cu-BTC remained unchanged, highlighting its robust characteristics. Adsorption was strongly pH-dependent, reaching a maximum at neutral pH, and regeneration experiments identified ethanol as the most effective desorption agent for Fe-BTC, enabling reuse. Metal-leaching analysis confirmed superior Fe-BTC MOF stability and minimal leaching, whereas Fe/Cu-BTC instability demonstrated risk of secondary Cu contamination. Overall, these findings establish that Fe-BTC and Fe/Cu-BTC MOF are effective for As(V) adsorption, but Fe-BTC outperforms Fe/Cu-BTC as a practical adsorbent. Significantly, Fe-BTC performance is strongly influenced by water matrix composition and regeneration solvent, highlighting considerations for real-world applications.