Factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders among the male rice farmers: a cross sectional study in five selected districts of Dhaka division, Bangladesh

Abstract

Background: Rice farming involves repetitive tasks, heavy loads, and prolonged static postures that increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Evidence on MSDs among Bangladeshi rice farmers is limited. Methods: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study among 340 male rice farmers aged 18–65 years from five purposively selected districts in the Dhaka division. Trained interviewers administered a structured questionnaire and the Bengali-translated Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. We summarised prevalence and used multivariable logistic regression to estimate associations. Results: Overall, 44% reported musculoskeletal pain in the previous month. The most affected regions were waist or thigh (26%), knees (17%), neck (16.8%), ankle or leg pain (13.5%), wrist pain (12%), shoulder pain (8%), and elbow pain (7%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed higher odds of MSDs among farmers aged 61 years or older, those working more than 8 h per day, and those sleeping fewer than 6 h per night. Secondary education or higher was associated with lower odds of MSDs. Conclusion: MSDs are common among Bangladeshi rice farmers. Practical, community-led actions are needed, including ergonomic education delivered through agricultural extension, promotion of task rotation and work-rest scheduling, and low-cost tools to reduce awkward postures and heavy lifting These findings can guide local programmes to lessen the MSD burden and protect farmer well-being.